From a compiler as system environment perspective, there are a couple of approaches used: -- 4gl languages[0] aka direct in-language support for database(s)

From a compiler as system environment perspective, there are a couple of approaches used: -- 4gl languages[0] aka direct in-language support for database(s) -- programming language library extensions for dealing with specific types of databases/database formats -- use of a programming language's standard file/internet read/write functions to import/export formats such as ODBC,json, html and ascii delimited file(s). [0] : https://www.techbaz.org/blogs/generation-of-programming-languages.php https://www.techbaz.org/blogs/generation-of-programming-lang...