Are you running EBCDIC or a localization other than UTF-8 anywhere? The filesystem shouldn't arbitrate localization issues. It's the wrong place to do it in te

Are you running EBCDIC or a localization other than UTF-8 anywhere? The filesystem shouldn't arbitrate localization issues. It's the wrong place to do it in terms of performance, area-of-responsibility, and portability. NUL-terminated UTF-8 in memory and size+data on disk is the best encoding. Normalization is a multifaceted problem that needs to be handled at or before where the filename argument hits the standard library. Sometimes, normalization is NOT desirable and it is preferrable to normalize for comparison only to other strings and to faithfully store whatever was provided verbatim. Side-effects and doing 737 MAX MCAS underneath users is the road to ruin.