Applications are infrastructure's value - without produce to transport (or other applications), what value roads? Infrastructure is means to application ends.

Applications are infrastructure's value - without produce to transport (or other applications), what value roads? Infrastructure is means to application ends. So yes, given benefiting applications, infrastructure improvements derive value. Their value is entirely derived. They have no intrinsic value. They are, in themselves, worthless. Just semantics. I tend to agree with your take on public infrastructure, but I haven't thought about it enough to form a definite opinion. \tangentially related: arguing metabolism pathways need to exist before genes can improve them https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-biochemists-view-of-lifes-origin-reframes-cancer-and-aging-20220808/ https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-biochemists-view-of-lifes-o...