With regards to subsidies of public transport my opinion is that you are facing a tragedy of the commons situation but with two different categories of stake ho

With regards to subsidies of public transport my opinion is that you are facing a tragedy of the commons situation but with two different categories of stake holder. You have the public who use the transport and you have the businesses that need it to operate. An example is that the City of London has a night time population of the vicinity of 11000 and a 330000 who come in to work every weekday. The businesses that operate in the City rely on the network effect of working close to other companies in this area but my impression is that that they don't pay sufficient infrastructure tax to support the city and hence the public transport costs are born by the 'end user'. Some of those end users are paid commensurately but some are minimum wage cleaners who are just as essential to the city but are the losers in this situation.