If you want pointer stability, then reserve + push_back is sufficient to avoid reallocations, if you have an upper bound on the final size (which you need anywa

If you want pointer stability, then reserve + push_back is sufficient to avoid reallocations, if you have an upper bound on the final size (which you need anyways to use resize effectively). Else, you should probably be storing a vector<unique_pointer<T>> which has its own downsides (mostly around locality). Side note: vector::operator[] is UB for out-of-bounds access; if your goal is for something to break loudly, you should be using vector::at().