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The Arrow revolution is particularly important for pandas users. pandas DataFrames are persisted in memory. The rule of thumb was for RAM capacity / dataset s

The Arrow revolution is particularly important for pandas users. pandas DataFrames are persisted in memory. The rule of thumb was for RAM capacity / dataset size in memory to be 5-10x as of 2017. Let's assume that pandas has made improvements and it's more like 2x now. That means you can process datasets that take up 8GB of RAM in memory on a 16GB machine. But 8GB of RAM in memory is a lot different than what you'd expect with pandas. pandas historically persisted string columns as objects, which was wildly inefficient. The new string[pyarrow] column type is around 3.5 times more efficient from what I've seen. Let's say a pandas user can only process a string dataset that has 2GB of data on disk (8GB in memory) on their 16GB machine for a particular analysis. If their dataset grows to 3GB, then the analysis errors out with an out of memory exception. Perhaps this user can now start processing string datasets up to 7GB (3.5 times bigger) with this more efficient string column type. This is a big deal for a lot of pandas users.

tootie 4y ago
Isn't this also addressed by using Dask?
- jwmoz 4y ago
  I tried dask specifically for this task, processing a larger file on an 8GB mem macbook air. It was wildly ineffective. Ended up having to chop up the data and do it myself.
- TrapLord_Rhodo 4y ago
  Dask can utilize pandas dataframes and make them run across different cores. Also is great for tasks that take up too much memory as discussed by the OP. This may replace the need for you to use DASK in alot of projects since you can work with 3.5x the RAM now.
- MrPowers 4y ago
  Dask sidesteps the problem by splitting up the data into smaller pandas DataFrames and processing them individually, rather than all at once. But the fundamental issue of pandas storing strings as objects in DataFrames (which is really inefficient) is also problematic with Dask (because a Dask DataFrame is composed of a lot of smaller pandas DataFrames). The technologies that really address this problem are Polars/PySpark - technologies that are a lot more memory efficient.
- 0cf8612b2e1e 4y ago
  I am always tripping over my feet when I use Dask. Definitely due to inexperience (I only reach for it when my usual Pandas tricks fail me), but I never have a good time there. Pandas idiom X will still blow up memory, you have to know Dask idiom Y, etc. I am glad Dask exists, but it is not a seamless solution where you can just swap in a Dask dataframe.
ingenieroariel 4y ago
To your point: If you have your data as parquet files and load it into memory using DuckDB before passing the arrow object to Pandas you can run in arbitrary large datasets as long as you aggregate them or filter them somehow. In my case I run analysis on an Apple M1 with 16GB of RAM and my files on disk are thousands of parquet files that add up to hundreds of gigs. Apart from that: Being able to go from duckdb to pandas very quickly to make operations that make more sense on the other end and come back while not having to change the format is super powerful. The author talks about this with Polars as an example.
- IanCal 4y ago
  > Being able to go from duckdb to pandas very quickly to make operations that make more sense on the other end and come back while not having to change the format is super powerful I can't stress enough how much I think this is truly transformative. It's generally nice as a working pattern, but much more importantly it lets the scale of a problem that a tool needs to solve shrink dramatically. Pandas doesn't need to do everything, nor does DuckDB, nor does some niche tool designed to perform very specific forecasting - any can be slotted into an in memory set of processes with no overhead. This lowers the barrier to entry for new tools, so they should be quicker and easier to write for people with detailed knowledge just in their area. It extends beyond this too, as you can then also get free data serialisation. I can read data from a file with duckdb, make a remote gRPC call to a flight endpoint written in a few lines of python that performs whatever on arrow data, returns arrow data that gets fed into something else... in a very easy fashion. I'm sure there's bumps and leaky abstractions if you do deep work here but I've absolutely got remote querying of dataframes & files working with a few lines of code, calling DuckDB on my local machine through ngrok from a colab instance.
- MrPowers 4y ago
  Yes, I agree with your assessment that technologies that can deal with larger than memory datasets (e.g. Polars) can be used to filter data so there are less rows for technologies that can only handle datasets a fraction of the data (e.g. pandas). Another way to solve this problem is using a Lakehouse storage format like Delta Lake so you only read in a fraction of the data to the pandas DataFrame (disclosure: I am on the Delta Lake team). I've blogged about this and think predicate pushdown filtering / Z ORDERING data is more straightforward that adding an entire new tech like Polars / DuckDB to the stack. If you're using Polars of course, it's probably best to just keep on using it rather than switching to pandas. I suppose there are some instances when you need to switch to pandas (perhaps to access a library), but think it'll be better to just stick with the more efficient tech normally.
taeric 4y ago
The memory expectations for so many programmers going into pandas baffle me. In particular, noone was batting an eye that a 700 meg CSV file would take gigs to hold in memory. Just convincing them to specify the dtypes and to use categorical where appropriate has had over 70% reductions on much of our memory requirements. Not shockingly, they go faster, too. If there are efforts to help this be even better, I heartily welcome them.
- __mharrison__ 4y ago
  When I'm teaching Pandas, the first thing we do after loading the data is inspect the types. Especially if the data is coming from a CSV. A few tricks can save 90+% of the memory usage for categorical data. This should be a step in the right direction, but it will probably still require manually specifying types for CSVs.
  - taeric 4y ago
    Yeah, I expect most efforts to just help make the pain not as painful. And specifying the data types is not some impossible task and can also help with other things.

tootie 4y ago

Isn't this also addressed by using Dask?

jwmoz 4y ago
I tried dask specifically for this task, processing a larger file on an 8GB mem macbook air. It was wildly ineffective. Ended up having to chop up the data and do it myself.
TrapLord_Rhodo 4y ago
Dask can utilize pandas dataframes and make them run across different cores. Also is great for tasks that take up too much memory as discussed by the OP. This may replace the need for you to use DASK in alot of projects since you can work with 3.5x the RAM now.
MrPowers 4y ago
Dask sidesteps the problem by splitting up the data into smaller pandas DataFrames and processing them individually, rather than all at once. But the fundamental issue of pandas storing strings as objects in DataFrames (which is really inefficient) is also problematic with Dask (because a Dask DataFrame is composed of a lot of smaller pandas DataFrames). The technologies that really address this problem are Polars/PySpark - technologies that are a lot more memory efficient.
0cf8612b2e1e 4y ago
I am always tripping over my feet when I use Dask. Definitely due to inexperience (I only reach for it when my usual Pandas tricks fail me), but I never have a good time there. Pandas idiom X will still blow up memory, you have to know Dask idiom Y, etc. I am glad Dask exists, but it is not a seamless solution where you can just swap in a Dask dataframe.

ingenieroariel 4y ago

To your point: If you have your data as parquet files and load it into memory using DuckDB before passing the arrow object to Pandas you can run in arbitrary large datasets as long as you aggregate them or filter them somehow. In my case I run analysis on an Apple M1 with 16GB of RAM and my files on disk are thousands of parquet files that add up to hundreds of gigs. Apart from that: Being able to go from duckdb to pandas very quickly to make operations that make more sense on the other end and come back while not having to change the format is super powerful. The author talks about this with Polars as an example.

IanCal 4y ago
> Being able to go from duckdb to pandas very quickly to make operations that make more sense on the other end and come back while not having to change the format is super powerful I can't stress enough how much I think this is truly transformative. It's generally nice as a working pattern, but much more importantly it lets the scale of a problem that a tool needs to solve shrink dramatically. Pandas doesn't need to do everything, nor does DuckDB, nor does some niche tool designed to perform very specific forecasting - any can be slotted into an in memory set of processes with no overhead. This lowers the barrier to entry for new tools, so they should be quicker and easier to write for people with detailed knowledge just in their area. It extends beyond this too, as you can then also get free data serialisation. I can read data from a file with duckdb, make a remote gRPC call to a flight endpoint written in a few lines of python that performs whatever on arrow data, returns arrow data that gets fed into something else... in a very easy fashion. I'm sure there's bumps and leaky abstractions if you do deep work here but I've absolutely got remote querying of dataframes & files working with a few lines of code, calling DuckDB on my local machine through ngrok from a colab instance.
MrPowers 4y ago
Yes, I agree with your assessment that technologies that can deal with larger than memory datasets (e.g. Polars) can be used to filter data so there are less rows for technologies that can only handle datasets a fraction of the data (e.g. pandas). Another way to solve this problem is using a Lakehouse storage format like Delta Lake so you only read in a fraction of the data to the pandas DataFrame (disclosure: I am on the Delta Lake team). I've blogged about this and think predicate pushdown filtering / Z ORDERING data is more straightforward that adding an entire new tech like Polars / DuckDB to the stack. If you're using Polars of course, it's probably best to just keep on using it rather than switching to pandas. I suppose there are some instances when you need to switch to pandas (perhaps to access a library), but think it'll be better to just stick with the more efficient tech normally.

taeric 4y ago

The memory expectations for so many programmers going into pandas baffle me. In particular, noone was batting an eye that a 700 meg CSV file would take gigs to hold in memory. Just convincing them to specify the dtypes and to use categorical where appropriate has had over 70% reductions on much of our memory requirements. Not shockingly, they go faster, too. If there are efforts to help this be even better, I heartily welcome them.

__mharrison__ 4y ago
When I'm teaching Pandas, the first thing we do after loading the data is inspect the types. Especially if the data is coming from a CSV. A few tricks can save 90+% of the memory usage for categorical data. This should be a step in the right direction, but it will probably still require manually specifying types for CSVs.
- taeric 4y ago
  Yeah, I expect most efforts to just help make the pain not as painful. And specifying the data types is not some impossible task and can also help with other things.