So relieved to see this comment at the top. After reading OPs second paragraph I was thinking oh, so by 'confusion' he actually means people with different opin

So relieved to see this comment at the top. After reading OPs second paragraph I was thinking oh, so by 'confusion' he actually means people with different opinions from him Taken as a list of biases, the article is useful. It never hurts to be reminded about all the different ways we can be led astray. But the problem is, the list of 'mitigations' boils down to become an investigative journalist who researches _everything_ using multiple viewpoints from primary sources, surrounds themselves with people who disagree with them and engages them in lively dialogue, and remains open minded and neutral about everything until the end of time Ain't nobody got time for that We have a limited about of time and energy and need to decide where to spend it. Sometimes it might be more efficient to take received wisdom and run with it rather than launch a research project twenty times a day