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I always wonder, when people were spreading across the Americas/world for the first time, did they move huge distances in a single generation? Or travel a bit,

I always wonder, when people were spreading across the Americas/world for the first time, did they move huge distances in a single generation? Or travel a bit, settle down, then the next generation traveled a bit further and settled down, repeating for hundreds of generations? It takes a ton of work and time to be able to survive in a new environment. It's hard to imagine someone crossing and mastering several new ecosystems in a single lifetime, figuring out which plants are edible and which animals will kill you and so on.

AlotOfReading 4y ago
It's hard to respond to these questions without thousands of words, but I'll try some scattered responses to various points above. From what we understand, all of your scenarios were true at various points. There are times when humans expanded at a lightning pace and times when we seem to have been at a standstill. We don't really know to what degree these are accurate reflections of the reality vs illusions caused by an imperfect material record. One well-known obstacle to human expansion was the Arctic itself, which seemingly resisted human inhabitation (even by archaic humans) until relatively recently. As for how fast we could have expanded, modern humans are incredibly specialized to rapid, optimized adaptations. Our language capabilities, high order thinking, sociality and other rapidly adaptive traits evolved at least partially in response to periods where climates could shift by tens of degrees in mere decades during the pleistocene. On top of this, the kinds of nomadic foragers that would have been these early pioneers live a lifestyle that's not only adaptive to variable environments, it's designed to exploit that variability. If the winter is going to be too cold in this valley, you move over to the next one. If there are dangerous animals too close, you pick up camp and go. You're using the resources from multiple environments as those resources are accessible, which allows you to exploit landscapes that any other lifestyle would find completely inhospitable. Happy to talk more about any of the above in a more focused way.
- leobg 4y ago
  Oh. I’d like to hear that, too. What would be a good format for you?
  - AlotOfReading 4y ago
    This one is fine, just ask smaller questions. Big questions and questions we don't have a clear answer to are difficult to answer well without spending a lot of time to organize everything into a digestible narrative. Writing Askhistorians answers usually takes me a few hours each, for example. If I don't do that and write extemporaneously, you get the garbage above.
    - leobg 4y ago
      Gotcha. So could you first point me to the one or two AskHistorians answers that you are either most proud of personally or that you think people should read? I think I’d like to read those!
      - AlotOfReading 4y ago
        Sure, [0] has held up the best of my answers over time in that I don't think rewriting it would substantially improve the content. [1] has the problem that it's answering a "big question" and is thus inherently incomplete, but I'm happy with the discussions it's generated and other people continue to find it useful based on the backlinks I see. [0] https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/29eiah/if_i_were_a_young_navajo_man_in_the_40s_what_was/cik75rb/ https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/29eiah/if_i_... [1] https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/mf1uhi/remember_the_alamo_but_why_isnt_slavery_mentioned/gslv23s/ https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/mf1uhi/remem...
petrocrat 4y ago
At large timescales, the migrations most likely occurred in a way that followed Fick's diffusion patterns [1]. Some human groups inevitably even migrated backwards into Russia at times. And the partial pressure of humans in the Americas probably slowed further diffusion of humans into that area to a small degree as unfamiliar tribes collided together and repelled each other, either back to where they came or into a retreat further into unknown territory for respite. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick%27s_laws_of_diffusion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick%27s_laws_of_diffusion

AlotOfReading 4y ago

It's hard to respond to these questions without thousands of words, but I'll try some scattered responses to various points above. From what we understand, all of your scenarios were true at various points. There are times when humans expanded at a lightning pace and times when we seem to have been at a standstill. We don't really know to what degree these are accurate reflections of the reality vs illusions caused by an imperfect material record. One well-known obstacle to human expansion was the Arctic itself, which seemingly resisted human inhabitation (even by archaic humans) until relatively recently. As for how fast we could have expanded, modern humans are incredibly specialized to rapid, optimized adaptations. Our language capabilities, high order thinking, sociality and other rapidly adaptive traits evolved at least partially in response to periods where climates could shift by tens of degrees in mere decades during the pleistocene. On top of this, the kinds of nomadic foragers that would have been these early pioneers live a lifestyle that's not only adaptive to variable environments, it's designed to exploit that variability. If the winter is going to be too cold in this valley, you move over to the next one. If there are dangerous animals too close, you pick up camp and go. You're using the resources from multiple environments as those resources are accessible, which allows you to exploit landscapes that any other lifestyle would find completely inhospitable. Happy to talk more about any of the above in a more focused way.

leobg 4y ago
Oh. I’d like to hear that, too. What would be a good format for you?
- AlotOfReading 4y ago
  This one is fine, just ask smaller questions. Big questions and questions we don't have a clear answer to are difficult to answer well without spending a lot of time to organize everything into a digestible narrative. Writing Askhistorians answers usually takes me a few hours each, for example. If I don't do that and write extemporaneously, you get the garbage above.
  - leobg 4y ago
    Gotcha. So could you first point me to the one or two AskHistorians answers that you are either most proud of personally or that you think people should read? I think I’d like to read those!
    - AlotOfReading 4y ago
      Sure, [0] has held up the best of my answers over time in that I don't think rewriting it would substantially improve the content. [1] has the problem that it's answering a "big question" and is thus inherently incomplete, but I'm happy with the discussions it's generated and other people continue to find it useful based on the backlinks I see. [0] https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/29eiah/if_i_were_a_young_navajo_man_in_the_40s_what_was/cik75rb/ https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/29eiah/if_i_... [1] https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/mf1uhi/remember_the_alamo_but_why_isnt_slavery_mentioned/gslv23s/ https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/mf1uhi/remem...

petrocrat 4y ago

At large timescales, the migrations most likely occurred in a way that followed Fick's diffusion patterns [1]. Some human groups inevitably even migrated backwards into Russia at times. And the partial pressure of humans in the Americas probably slowed further diffusion of humans into that area to a small degree as unfamiliar tribes collided together and repelled each other, either back to where they came or into a retreat further into unknown territory for respite. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick%27s_laws_of_diffusion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick%27s_laws_of_diffusion