With Homebrew, frankly. That's the Mac equivalent to apt. I've also had success with Anaconda (specifically, miniconda / miniforge) - it's not just for Python!

With Homebrew, frankly. That's the Mac equivalent to apt. I've also had success with Anaconda (specifically, miniconda / miniforge) - it's not just for Python! It's great for creating disposable development environments (i.e., I need HDF5, but only for this project). Other than that, your toolchain is what Apple gives you, and upgrades in ~parity with XCode.