Not listed - cost of bureaucracy, organizing large companies takes complexity (arguably too much of it, and often useless) and that transpires in processes tha

Not listed - cost of bureaucracy, organizing large companies takes complexity (arguably too much of it, and often useless) and that transpires in processes that take time during which people dont produce and therefore require more people. - cost of compliance, big companies are more visible and their footprint being larger means more chances for fuckups. The mechanism by which they compensate is lots of security, privacy, compliance checks that add up to the bureaucracy, and requires more people to achieve anything - cost of limited options. Big companies usually have less options they can pick for. They have standardized software stacks, access to additional software is either blocked or requires time expensive negotiation. - cost of hidden incompetence. It's easier for incompetent people to hide, and they have opportunities to move around. Managers don't like to fire, and in larger companies they will have lower accountability (not my money) and higher opportunity (easy to hide) to overlook incompetence and keep the bad people around until they transfer. (that is, of course, unless the company has forcing functions like stack ranking and quotas to fire people - such as Amazon - which is arguably an entire other and worse problem). These people don't produce anything, or are even detrimental, and therefore require more people