Just as cluster theory is widely accepted, so is its dark twin. When the industries in an area enter a period of decline, it can become a spiral into which gove

Just as cluster theory is widely accepted, so is its dark twin. When the industries in an area enter a period of decline, it can become a spiral into which governments shovel “good money after bad”. In the 1930s Liverpool’s population was almost 900K. Today, in spite of endless sums invested by more governments than you can count (of every stripe), it has declined to about half that. Why? Because people do not wish to remain. Managed decline attempts to soften the hard edge of decline, while not “trying to push water uphill”. The last feasible plan for Liverpool would have seen it turned into a sort of Vegas (casinos, hotels, etc). I’ve seen nothing feasible since offered by any party.