A decade ago, I had calculated that a startup would need at least $1B (but more likely $4B) of capex to match Google if trying to use conventional crawl/index t

A decade ago, I had calculated that a startup would need at least $1B (but more likely $4B) of capex to match Google if trying to use conventional crawl/index tech. With conventional tech, quality upper bound is more or less fixed so you are forced to match breadth to compete which is super expensive. With model-based index, you need less than $100M capex to turn on the proverbial flywheel because you can now sacrifice breadth for very different notion of quality. This is a game changer because we will soon see dozen or so strong startups which will chip away the search share, each trying to leverage, cost optimize and improve this tech.