You include the Base as a layer rather than bundle it so it’s amortized over several releases. Google has a tool to actually bundle your base and cut it down to

You include the Base as a layer rather than bundle it so it’s amortized over several releases. Google has a tool to actually bundle your base and cut it down to the very essentials. This is only a thing with Docker and similar. With something like Flatpak it doesn’t even matter if you bundle because OSTree can deduplicate on file level.