Yes. Continuously. There's 3 times to refactor: 1. When you're trying to add a new feature ("prepare"). 2. When the new functionality has been added ("tidy")

Yes. Continuously. There's 3 times to refactor: 1. When you're trying to add a new feature ("prepare"). 2. When the new functionality has been added ("tidy"). 3. When you're trying to understand the code ("clarify"). The problem is when refactoring is seen as a separate activity from coding. It shouldn't be: it is a _part_ of the coding activity.