It doesn't matter what a lower court ruled once it's been overturned by a higher court. As far as I know, all standing case law in the USA says that web crawli

It doesn't matter what a lower court ruled once it's been overturned by a higher court. As far as I know, all standing case law in the USA says that web crawling for search indexing is fair use. I'd be interested in a citation to a counter example. I've been unable to find any. Also interested in specifics of any actual court cases involving News Corp vs Google in Australia; I can't find any references to lawsuits, only to the threat of legislation (which changes the law if passed, but I don't think it was passed in the end?) The France thing is interesting. I know less about EU copyright law. Did Google pay the fine and... then what? Did they stop indexing news orgs in France, start paying for it, or just keep doing the infringing thing, or what? The ruling only applied to news organizations?