> Any programs which promote heat pump installations above a certain scale must either include huge investments into grid robustness or mandate that all heat pu

> Any programs which promote heat pump installations above a certain scale must either include huge investments into grid robustness or mandate that all heat pump installation must include fuel-based backup heating sufficient for a week or two. That's a little extreme. You also need to consider your failure modes. I live in texas where a bunch of people died due to an extreme freeze and a very poorly regulated grid. When that happened, it wasn't just electric that was lost, but a big problem was natural gas wells and pipes freezing up too. The cost to install and maintain both systems would be an automatic deal breaker for many people. I don't think you need total redundancy, but having some is good. For example, I went and bought a "buddy heater" after that freeze. It runs off of a 5lbs canister of propane and has an automatic Carbon Monoxide cutoff. It gets toasty. It won't last forever, but it's a good emergency backup. One thing I think everyone needs: An emergency radio with crank power. When the grid goes down, so does internet and cell towers. The only way we got news was via radio.