So why did you say "crippled" rather than "pruned" in the first place? "Crippled" is an adjective that attempts to describe a loss of functionality and it is m

So why did you say "crippled" rather than "pruned" in the first place? "Crippled" is an adjective that attempts to describe a loss of functionality and it is massively overloaded these days. I won't go further there. How on earth is wiring and pruning of a small plant causing a loss of functionality? I brutally prune roses and fuschias and many other plants too. They respond by growing enthusiastically and being healthy and vigorous. My bonsai do too. We can skirt around a debate of minor points of language but you did deploy a pejorative term: "cripple" with possible malice 8) I'd love to hear about your thoughts on these horrors: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/types/trees/training-espalier https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/types/trees/training-espalier