"At equilibrium, each professor can have only one student over the course of their career. Or, allowing for losses to other fields, only a very few students. Ce

"At equilibrium, each professor can have only one student over the course of their career. Or, allowing for losses to other fields, only a very few students. Certainly not enough to continue the prolific paper-mill output we see today." This problem is solved in part by most professors only working at undergraduate or Master's awarding institutions. If you limit Ph.D.s to R1s, then you can have big labs with many grad students at equilibrium. It's solved in another part by having both master's and doctoral students (allowing two* students per career at equilibrium), and by having post-docs (not a student, technically, but still a paper-miller). With a doctor typically now having two or three post-docs during a career this allows for an additional two or three paper-millers per career at equilibrium. And the post-docs are much better at producing papers than the students. It's solved in third part by exporting Ph.D.s. It's solved in a fourth part by the less frequent people who have multiple doctorates. And in a fifth part by incorporating the many more undergraduates in the research and paper producing apparatus. Is this unsustainable? Yes. And more importantly a bunch of it shouldn't be done. We should be publishing results updates in lieu of full papers, until enough results have accumulated for a good paper. But what have you. Edit to add a sixth part: Collaborating with a fellow professor who does have a grad student. * - actually more than two, as there are typically more master's recipients than doctoral recipients.