Two older and interesting studies: Urine streams aerosolize bacteria present in the toilet; sitting understandably causes more exposure than standing. A custom

Two older and interesting studies: Urine streams aerosolize bacteria present in the toilet; sitting understandably causes more exposure than standing. A custom foam covering the interior surfaces is effective at negating the splash effect (though it presumably needs reapplication after a flush). https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-021-01023-5 https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s1375... A recent literature review https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jam.15121 https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jam... This mentions a paper by Yahya 1992 https://www.jstor.org/stable/44535384 https://www.jstor.org/stable/44535384 which examines use of surfactants (soaps) in flush water, and finds them to be effective. Seems to be more useful than disinfectants like chlorine.