Given that this is a ratio, with both a denominator and a numerator, we should step carefully when declaring which part of the ratio seems abnormal. Either side

Given that this is a ratio, with both a denominator and a numerator, we should step carefully when declaring which part of the ratio seems abnormal. Either side of the ratio could be wrong, but for different causes. If, for instance, women were facing persistent discrimination, then their income would seem low relative to their education, but the causal effect would be the opposite of what is suggested by the words: "Women Are Overinvesting in Education for the Monetary Returns." If the other side of the ratio is suppressed, then it would be more accurate to write: "Women are underpaid in monetary returns for their education."