> Youth that are in post-secondary education and not looking for work are included in that 20% figure you cite, and France has a much higher post-secondary educ

> Youth that are in post-secondary education and not looking for work are included in that 20% figure you cite, and France has a much higher post-secondary education rate than its neighbors. I don't think your assessment that it's caused primarily by unionization holds up. That's incorrect. Unemployment is defined below and includes only those that are available and seeking employment. You're thinking of workforce participation rate. > Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment (modeled ILO estimate). https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SLUEM1524ZSFRA https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SLUEM1524ZSFRA