It really depends where you put the cost in the end: do you pay the cost on the query side or the manually managing data integrity side? Even if you don't deno

It really depends where you put the cost in the end: do you pay the cost on the query side or the manually managing data integrity side? Even if you don't denormalize, there's plenty of optimizations for joins: e.g. a bitmap join index can optimize a millions x billions join pretty well!