Have there been any scientific estimates of how much planned obsolescence costs the world? Planned obsolescence is basically the definition of unsustainable an

Have there been any scientific estimates of how much planned obsolescence costs the world? Planned obsolescence is basically the definition of unsustainable and makes the climate crisis worse in a not-very-visible way. There do seem to be some studies: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=the+cost+of+planned+obsolecence&btnG= https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=the+... I had a VW Cabrio and I noticed that they fine tuned the metallurgy; the stock exhaust system was designed to only last one to two years, the brake rotors were designed to fail after 5 years, suspension components, etc. This is very difficult for a customer to assess the quality of, no one can afford a metallurgical analysis of the steel in their car. Even a Consumer Reports type of ratings company can't do that kind of testing. At best, after 5-10 years, people note a particular car is less reliable and has degraded faster than other similar cars, but by then lots of people own the car. That said, sometimes there are good reasons to ensure a product will only last a set number of years, for example if you think safety standards will evolve so that old stuff should be phased out after a time. A car from 1977 won't have air bags, a crash cage, roll bars, and maybe only power "assisted" steering and braking. Businesses often replace some things on a specific schedule whether it appears to need it or not, because they are known to fail after a while and the failure mode causes bigger problems. Maybe some products should have a "replace by" date just like food as a safety measure, sprockets on chain saws for example. Inflation also erodes our perception of the value we should get for a specific price. A $5 manual can opener purchased in 1980 may have lasted 42 years, but if you buy a $5 can opener today it is going to be cheaply made because that $5 opener would actually cost $17.43 today. Some product categories, like large appliances, have obviously degraded in quality though, which suggests silent collusion.