I cede that racism played a part in HOAs historically --however, there have been many new developments since then in the 2000s and beyond with HOAs. They canno

I cede that racism played a part in HOAs historically --however, there have been many new developments since then in the 2000s and beyond with HOAs. They cannot be racist since many appeal to new immigrants (as well as all sorts of American citizens of all stripes. In my experience, HOAs hurt mostly retirees who don't have the same cash flow as recent purchasers of homes. Again, in my experience, newcomers to the States seem to be the most vocal in asserting the bylaws, presumably to ensure their investment keeps increasing its value. In second place come the people who are considering selling their house and also want to maximize value.