3 ms·

The name "dotted list" comes from how the list is serialized, yes, but not the concept. You can write a function dotted-list-p that takes an object and returns

The name "dotted list" comes from how the list is serialized, yes, but not the concept. You can write a function dotted-list-p that takes an object and returns the value of (and (consp object) (cdr (last object))). Indeed, it is not related to the NIL issue, and I made no such assumption. You can read an equivalent definition that uses different words in the CLHS glossary. You admit to talking about "how NIL is implemented internally", hence my original remark that you are conflating implementation tricks with language semantics. From language semantics point of view, NIL is not weird, it is an ordinary symbol, like NIK or NIM. Lisp tradition assigns it certain roles, like representing the empty list, representing the false value, representing the empty type, and also has conveniences like having NIL evaluate to itself or having CAR and CDR take lists instead of conses. I didn't mean to be condescending. I know you are not a baby Lisper. The matter at hand is very basic, and I understand the desire to present a more sophisticated take, but believe it leads to (and reflects) a distorted ontological view of Lisp if taken seriously. NIL is not weird, it is a simple symbol. We just assigned it a few roles and made a few conveniences. Why did we pick it for those roles? Arbitrary choice. Why did we choose to extend the domain of CAR and CDR? Practical choice. Let the puritans complain and build their own ivory tower languages. Lisp is pragmatic. Could an implementor choose to represent NIL as a closet cons for simple CAR and CDR implementations and special case everything else? Sure. But this has nothing to do with the ontology of Lisp.

lisper 4y ago
> The name "dotted list" comes from how the list is serialized, yes, but not the concept. Yes, it does. Dotted lists are entirely related to serialization. The only reason they matter is that, by convention, (a b ... z) is a shorthand notation for (a . (b . (... (z . nil)) ...) and (a b ... z . anything-but-nil) is a shorthand notation for (a . (b . (... (z . anything-but-nil)) ...) > You can write a function dotted-list-p Of course you can. So what? You can write a predicate for any (computable) property. I can write a function list-ends-in-3-p. That doesn't mean that lists that end in 3 matter. The reason "dotted lists" are called dotted lists is entirely because of their serialization behavior: dotted lists have a dot in their serialization and non-dotted-lists don't. And the reason that the I/O behavior is what it is is that it turns out that punning cons cells as linked lists is a useful hack (or at least it was in 1958). But it is only a hack. There is no reason that the data structure used to represent pairs has to be the same data structure that is used to represent linked lists. Indeed, one could argue that this punning is actually a serious mistake. There should be pairs, with CAR and CDR fields which can take on any value, and there should be (linked) lists, with a FIRST field that can take on any value, and a REST field that is restricted to only contain another linked list (including a privileged empty list object). In such a design, the whole concept of "dotted list" would be non-sensical. You could still write (a . nil) or (a . ()) but that would no longer be the same object as (a), the former being a pair and the latter being a list. So you see the concept of dotted list is rooted entirely in an I/O hack that John McCarthy invented back in 1958 so he could build linked lists out of punned pairs rather than make them a separate data type. > NIL is not weird, it is an ordinary symbol, like NIK or NIM No, NIL is not an "ordinary symbol". NIL is both a symbol and a list. NIL answers T to LISTP. No other symbol does that. You can call CAR, CDR, LENGTH, ASSOC etc. on NIL and not get an error. You cannot do that with any other symbol. NIL is the only symbol to which you cannot give a function binding. In some implementations, attempting to do so triggers its own error message: Clozure Common Lisp Version 1.12.1 (v1.12.1-10-gca107b94) DarwinX8664 ? (defun nil () t) > Error: Using NIL as a function name is silly. Also, NIL answers T to LISTP but not to CONSP. So you can call CAR and CDR on it but not RPLACA and RPLACD. And, at the risk of stating the obvious, NIL answers T to NULL. NIL is the only object with these properties. That is the very definition of "weird". (And note that I have made no reference to implementation details here.) > The matter at hand is very basic No, it isn't, or we wouldn't be arguing about it.
- creepycrawler 4y ago
  The point was that dotted-list-p doesn't have anything to do with the "serialized form" (printed representation) of the list. Dotted lists are important because they are one of the two types of improper list, the other type being circular lists. Many Lisp functions work on proper lists. Of course NIL is an ordinary symbol. It has roles, the same way other symbols have roles. Are you saying the symbol &BODY is not an ordinary symbol because it is a lambda list keyword? Are you saying the symbol T is not an ordinary symbol because type boolean is (member t nil)? Are you saying symbol * is not an ordinary symbol because it is a special variable bound by the REPL, it is used in declaration syntax, and also is the name of the product function? Are you saying MUMBLE:VAPORIZE is not an ordinary symbol because it names the most dangerous operation in the mumble library? They are all ordinary symbols, sometimes with unique roles. Because NIL was chosen to satisfy the role of the empty list, is it any wonder that type list is (or cons null), type null is (eql nil), LENGTH and ASSOC and other list functions can deal with it etc.? Of course not. That doesn't make NIL qua symbol any weirder than any other symbol that has particular roles in a given context. There are many symbols in Common Lisp that you cannot DEFUN. See section 11.1.2.1.2 in the hyperspec. Since NIL names a constant variable but not a standardized function, macro, or special operator, you can bind it to a function lexically using FLET or LABELS. Once again, NIL is not a cons, it is an atomic symbol that also represents the empty list, so it's no wonder that LISTP returns true and CONSP returns false. CAR and CDR take lists (again see their entries in the CLHS) so it's no wonder that they can work with it. RPLACA and RPLACD take conses only so it's no wonder that they don't. At the risk of stating the obvious (again and again) the type null is (eql nil) so it's no wonder that NULL returns T for it. That operators treat a symbol specially does not make a symbol weird. It merely means that it serves a particular role. Any symbol can take any number of roles within a program. That doesn't make the symbol weird. I will repeat once more, because I've a feeling you didn't get this. It doesn't make a symbol weird. It is a basic matter, definitely. I learned all this stuff about conses, atoms, symbols, lists, etc. very early on, as baby Lisper. I don't know why someone who spent 35 years programming Lisp should have trouble understanding all this, and has to keep bringing up new irrelevant/incorrect claims instead of just opening a beginner's Lisp book and re-reading the first chapter or two, where they talk about all this stuff.
kazinator 4y ago
> having CAR and CDR take lists instead of conses. (car nil) and (cdr nil) safely returning nil was introduced in InterLisp, according to Gabriel's HOPL palper. At some big Lisp summit in the early 1970's, InterLisp decided to adopt MacLisp's readtables, and MacLisp adopted (car nil) -> nil. Why the empty list is a symbol is natural: math uses symbols to refer to such things. For instance the empty set is notated both {} and ∅: empty braces or the special null set symbol. I mean, why have symbols refer to things in a language that is consciously oriented toward symbolic processing, whose initial creators were people with math backgrounds? It's pretty much a forgone no-brainer.
- lisper 4y ago
  Having a symbol DENOTE the empty list and having a symbol be THE SAME OBJECT as the empty list are two very different things. The former is perfectly reasonable. The latter causes no end of difficulties.
  - kazinator 4y ago
    The former is somewhat reasonable for having pi denote 3.14159... and such. It brings in its own difficulties. If nil is a variable/constant which evaluates to some nil object, then to talk about nil itself, we have to quote it. The object which it denotes doesn't print as nil; it has its own printed rep like () and we will end up seeing that printed rep and using it. So then we have two nil representations to deal with: the nil variable which we can use in evaluated contexts, and the literal nil like () that we use elsewhere. If () isn't self-evaluating (like the criminally stupid design in Scheme), we have to quote it: '(). If we have additional semantic roles for () like it being Boolean false and the bottom of the type spindle, those uses are not nicely served by the () notation, from an esthetic point of view. The list terminator is de facto a symbol because it's exploited for its identity: we care whether the cdr of a cons is or is not nil, and that's all. That's a symbolic behavior; we might as well complete things so that the symbol functions work with nil; it can have a property list, name and so on.
    - lisper 4y ago

lisper 4y ago

> The name "dotted list" comes from how the list is serialized, yes, but not the concept. Yes, it does. Dotted lists are entirely related to serialization. The only reason they matter is that, by convention, (a b ... z) is a shorthand notation for (a . (b . (... (z . nil)) ...) and (a b ... z . anything-but-nil) is a shorthand notation for (a . (b . (... (z . anything-but-nil)) ...) > You can write a function dotted-list-p Of course you can. So what? You can write a predicate for any (computable) property. I can write a function list-ends-in-3-p. That doesn't mean that lists that end in 3 matter. The reason "dotted lists" are called dotted lists is entirely because of their serialization behavior: dotted lists have a dot in their serialization and non-dotted-lists don't. And the reason that the I/O behavior is what it is is that it turns out that punning cons cells as linked lists is a useful hack (or at least it was in 1958). But it is only a hack. There is no reason that the data structure used to represent pairs has to be the same data structure that is used to represent linked lists. Indeed, one could argue that this punning is actually a serious mistake. There should be pairs, with CAR and CDR fields which can take on any value, and there should be (linked) lists, with a FIRST field that can take on any value, and a REST field that is restricted to only contain another linked list (including a privileged empty list object). In such a design, the whole concept of "dotted list" would be non-sensical. You could still write (a . nil) or (a . ()) but that would no longer be the same object as (a), the former being a pair and the latter being a list. So you see the concept of dotted list is rooted entirely in an I/O hack that John McCarthy invented back in 1958 so he could build linked lists out of punned pairs rather than make them a separate data type. > NIL is not weird, it is an ordinary symbol, like NIK or NIM No, NIL is not an "ordinary symbol". NIL is both a symbol and a list. NIL answers T to LISTP. No other symbol does that. You can call CAR, CDR, LENGTH, ASSOC etc. on NIL and not get an error. You cannot do that with any other symbol. NIL is the only symbol to which you cannot give a function binding. In some implementations, attempting to do so triggers its own error message: Clozure Common Lisp Version 1.12.1 (v1.12.1-10-gca107b94) DarwinX8664 ? (defun nil () t) > Error: Using NIL as a function name is silly. Also, NIL answers T to LISTP but not to CONSP. So you can call CAR and CDR on it but not RPLACA and RPLACD. And, at the risk of stating the obvious, NIL answers T to NULL. NIL is the only object with these properties. That is the very definition of "weird". (And note that I have made no reference to implementation details here.) > The matter at hand is very basic No, it isn't, or we wouldn't be arguing about it.

creepycrawler 4y ago
The point was that dotted-list-p doesn't have anything to do with the "serialized form" (printed representation) of the list. Dotted lists are important because they are one of the two types of improper list, the other type being circular lists. Many Lisp functions work on proper lists. Of course NIL is an ordinary symbol. It has roles, the same way other symbols have roles. Are you saying the symbol &BODY is not an ordinary symbol because it is a lambda list keyword? Are you saying the symbol T is not an ordinary symbol because type boolean is (member t nil)? Are you saying symbol * is not an ordinary symbol because it is a special variable bound by the REPL, it is used in declaration syntax, and also is the name of the product function? Are you saying MUMBLE:VAPORIZE is not an ordinary symbol because it names the most dangerous operation in the mumble library? They are all ordinary symbols, sometimes with unique roles. Because NIL was chosen to satisfy the role of the empty list, is it any wonder that type list is (or cons null), type null is (eql nil), LENGTH and ASSOC and other list functions can deal with it etc.? Of course not. That doesn't make NIL qua symbol any weirder than any other symbol that has particular roles in a given context. There are many symbols in Common Lisp that you cannot DEFUN. See section 11.1.2.1.2 in the hyperspec. Since NIL names a constant variable but not a standardized function, macro, or special operator, you can bind it to a function lexically using FLET or LABELS. Once again, NIL is not a cons, it is an atomic symbol that also represents the empty list, so it's no wonder that LISTP returns true and CONSP returns false. CAR and CDR take lists (again see their entries in the CLHS) so it's no wonder that they can work with it. RPLACA and RPLACD take conses only so it's no wonder that they don't. At the risk of stating the obvious (again and again) the type null is (eql nil) so it's no wonder that NULL returns T for it. That operators treat a symbol specially does not make a symbol weird. It merely means that it serves a particular role. Any symbol can take any number of roles within a program. That doesn't make the symbol weird. I will repeat once more, because I've a feeling you didn't get this. It doesn't make a symbol weird. It is a basic matter, definitely. I learned all this stuff about conses, atoms, symbols, lists, etc. very early on, as baby Lisper. I don't know why someone who spent 35 years programming Lisp should have trouble understanding all this, and has to keep bringing up new irrelevant/incorrect claims instead of just opening a beginner's Lisp book and re-reading the first chapter or two, where they talk about all this stuff.

kazinator 4y ago

> having CAR and CDR take lists instead of conses. (car nil) and (cdr nil) safely returning nil was introduced in InterLisp, according to Gabriel's HOPL palper. At some big Lisp summit in the early 1970's, InterLisp decided to adopt MacLisp's readtables, and MacLisp adopted (car nil) -> nil. Why the empty list is a symbol is natural: math uses symbols to refer to such things. For instance the empty set is notated both {} and ∅: empty braces or the special null set symbol. I mean, why have symbols refer to things in a language that is consciously oriented toward symbolic processing, whose initial creators were people with math backgrounds? It's pretty much a forgone no-brainer.

lisper 4y ago
Having a symbol DENOTE the empty list and having a symbol be THE SAME OBJECT as the empty list are two very different things. The former is perfectly reasonable. The latter causes no end of difficulties.
- kazinator 4y ago
  The former is somewhat reasonable for having pi denote 3.14159... and such. It brings in its own difficulties. If nil is a variable/constant which evaluates to some nil object, then to talk about nil itself, we have to quote it. The object which it denotes doesn't print as nil; it has its own printed rep like () and we will end up seeing that printed rep and using it. So then we have two nil representations to deal with: the nil variable which we can use in evaluated contexts, and the literal nil like () that we use elsewhere. If () isn't self-evaluating (like the criminally stupid design in Scheme), we have to quote it: '(). If we have additional semantic roles for () like it being Boolean false and the bottom of the type spindle, those uses are not nicely served by the () notation, from an esthetic point of view. The list terminator is de facto a symbol because it's exploited for its identity: we care whether the cdr of a cons is or is not nil, and that's all. That's a symbolic behavior; we might as well complete things so that the symbol functions work with nil; it can have a property list, name and so on.
  - lisper 4y ago