You are correct, at least for US, for reference see: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Advertisement_Loudness_Mitigation_Act https://en.m.wikipedia.org

You are correct, at least for US, for reference see: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Advertisement_Loudness_Mitigation_Act https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Advertisement_Lou... Important takeaway from the linked article: "No specific penalties are given" So there is a regulatory framework and, as the article describes, compliant technical means should be in place for devices sold in the respective market. The open question is, how will this be applied in practice as well as how will this extend to radio and why not, to online services such as streaming platforms?