I think it has to be stressed that Vulkan and Direct3D 12 are still abstractions, and still do not provide direct hardware access. In some cases, their more exp

I think it has to be stressed that Vulkan and Direct3D 12 are still abstractions, and still do not provide direct hardware access. In some cases, their more explicit nature allows you to implement older APIs on top of them without any performance issues, but there are places where the abstractions make incompatible assumptions and it is very hard to get as good performance as a native driver can.