Yes, off-by-one is easier to fix, but far more common. Hence if suffering is the product of frequency and difficulty, then off-by-one suffering (S=FD+1) is the

Yes, off-by-one is easier to fix, but far more common. Hence if suffering is the product of frequency and difficulty, then off-by-one suffering (S=FD+1) is the same order as cache invalidation (S=FD).