> I would be very surprised if social expectations and limitations on the father would be strong enough to overwrite those benefits [social economic status] Th

> I would be very surprised if social expectations and limitations on the father would be strong enough to overwrite those benefits [social economic status] That's not an argument! For what it's worth, in my experience, high social/economic status jobs don't expect fathers to take too much time taking care of their kids; doing so will cost them their status. Children of unavailable fathers may be affected even if they have grandparents to look after them. > The research suggests that grandparents could play an important role for every grandchild in single father or single-mother households. The research you linked to doesn't make a big difference between single fathers or mothers. It also simply mentions grandparents' potential relevance in raising children with a single parent.