> Ancient Egypt and the Roman empire weren't colonial powers by this definition. You obviously have no knowledge of Europe/North Africa/Asia Minor Antique Era;

> Ancient Egypt and the Roman empire weren't colonial powers by this definition. You obviously have no knowledge of Europe/North Africa/Asia Minor Antique Era; your definition is perfectly accurate for both the Egyptian and the Roman empires (and many others, from the Assyrians to Hittites through the Persians, the Greeks [ever wondered where the “pont” in “pontus region” is coming from?] and the Carthaginians). > full or partial political control over another country The definition of an empire. > occupying it with settlers Exactly what the Romans did in Gaul, Germania, Dacia, Illyria, Hispania, Anglia, Magna Graecia, Sicilia, Batavia, Helvetia, Thracia, Egypt, Judea, Mauritania, etc. You should know that gifting a plot of land somewhere in the Empire to veterans to compensate them for their service was both a way to motivate them and spread Roman culture and way of life. > and exploiting it economically Wars were among the big sources of slave labor. > while forcing its own language and cultural values upon its people. Spoiler alert: the “Roman” in Gallo-Roman is not endogeneous, and nowadays romance language share the same ancestor language for a very simple reason. And if everywhere from London to Benghazi and Porto to Ankara is covered in Roman ruins, it's not because aliens put them there. And the story is exactly the same for the Egyptian Empire: Syria, Kush, Nubia, Lybia and Canaan are not the cradle of the Egpytian dynasties. > so the first empire to really colonize should be chinese? The first empire to really colonize is probably dating back to before there was writing to remember its name. > The Umayad Califate [...] missing the idea of "pressure" and "force" Ah yes, of course, Christian Spain voluntarily got incorporated into the Califate, and the famous battle they had with the Franks in the middle of France was but a playful tourney... sweeping military expansion is a major characteristic of the Umayad caliphate.