Some keywords you might want to try include: - Replication error: copying DNA, transcribing it into RNA, and translating that into proteins uses processes that

Some keywords you might want to try include: - Replication error: copying DNA, transcribing it into RNA, and translating that into proteins uses processes that make mistakes. There are all sorts of interesting mechanisms for catching these, both in vivo and during sequencing. Try here for error rates: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1805967/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1805967/ - Spontaneous mutation: A consequence of replication errors is that unwanted genomic changes sometimes arise in engineered organisms: you carefully make bacteria—-or a mouse—-with one mutation, but it develops another. Say “spontaneous mutation” around a large enough group of grad students and one will cry because it can derail experiments in hard-to-control ways https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Everything in biology is full of feedback loops and compensatory mechanisms. Knocking out one gene or brain region may have a direct effect on some output, but may also affect a bunch of other genes/regions (in many ways), which in turn…