Note that in your case of "do Y" being embedded in the Nuvia design, "do Y" would likely be protected by trade secret law if it is covered by Arm's confidential

Note that in your case of "do Y" being embedded in the Nuvia design, "do Y" would likely be protected by trade secret law if it is covered by Arm's confidentiality and licensing agreement, and Qualcomm would likely not be allowed to use knowledge acquired in this way. Proving how they acquired that trade secret would keep a lot of lawyers busy though. https://www.wipo.int/tradesecrets/en/ https://www.wipo.int/tradesecrets/en/