Wow, that first example is really bad. Comparing the grey-and-black against the white-on-orange, WCAG 2 and APCA differ by a factor of two, and judging by eye i

Wow, that first example is really bad. Comparing the grey-and-black against the white-on-orange, WCAG 2 and APCA differ by a factor of two, and judging by eye it's entirely due to WCAG contrast being incorrect. How do you design a contrast measure and not notice that it's sometimes off by a factor of 2? We had CIELAB in 1976; it will give you reasonable contrast measurements. (Calculation: (61 / 47) / (2.9 / 4.5) = 2.014)