Some of this is confused. Not all courts are article 3 courts. Their judgements are considered judicial and treated as such. For example, the PTO trial and pat

Some of this is confused. Not all courts are article 3 courts. Their judgements are considered judicial and treated as such. For example, the PTO trial and patents board is executive. I have not looked at the details of the proposed court here but the claim that it must not be part of the executive for it to be a judicial redress (Even as Europe defines it) is likely wrong. Whether it is judicial redress is about the kind of process you are afforded (including level of neutrality, etc), not about which part of your government pays the judges