3 ms·

My understanding is that Aristotelian logic could only operate with statements of the form: - All x are y - Some x are y - Not all x are y - No x are y

My understanding is that Aristotelian logic could only operate with statements of the form: - All x are y - Some x are y - Not all x are y - No x are y You could only substitute names for x and y, and there was no recursion. As a result, you couldn't express gometric and number-theoretic statements in this language. The method of argumentation was syllogism, which is not much more sophisticated than: All men are mortal. All philosophers are men. So all philosophers are mortal. This is limited compared to Natural Deduction. I thought it was Stoic logic that was a lot closer to modern propositional logic. There appear to be traces of predicate logic in the Aristotelian system - making it original in a different way from the Stoic system - but only slight ones because of the absence of recursion. I should say I haven't read the article. Busy.

fedeb95 4y ago
The article cites exactly the Aristotelian syllogism. I agree the title is a bit clickbaity, but I found it well written and explaining well how we got to computers since Greek times
adrian_b 4y ago
Stoic logic was much later than Aristotle. The article traces the development of symbolic logic since Aristotle, whose work is the oldest preserved in this domain, through the time, until George Boole and Gottlob Frege in the 19th century and Claude Shannon in the 20th century, when logical operations became mapped to electrical circuits with relays. So it is right for any history of logic to start with Aristotle. If there have been older treatises on logic, they have been lost. It is not surprising that the successors of Aristotle have made some improvements upon his theory, it is more surprising that the improvements were so few until the 19th century, despite the fact that logic has been all the time an important object of study for all cultivated people, being rightfully one of the 3 branches of the trivium. Of course a title about "How Aristotle has created the computer" is completely wrong, because the creation of the electronic computers had multiple equally important sources, and the implementation of logic operations with relay circuits was only one of those many sources. Those multiple sources had separate histories that merged only around WW2, and some of those histories had also stretched over several centuries. Of equal importance for the genesis of the electronic computers were the mechanical arithmetic calculating machines and the electronic counters (invented in 1931 to count the pulses produced by the detectors of cosmic rays or of nuclear radiation).
- ogogmad 4y ago
  > Stoic logic was much later than Aristotle. I think it got lost and largely forgotten after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, while the Aristotelian system got preserved. Amusingly enough, one 19th century philosopher opined that Stoic logic was "dullness, triviality, and scholastic quibbling" and he welcomed the fact that the works of Chrysippus were no longer extant. See here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoic_logic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoic_logic
  - adrian_b 4y ago
    I believe that the association of Stoic logic with Stoicism might have been the cause for it being forgotten. The early Christians viewed both Stoicism and Epicureanism as competitors, so after they obtained the power in the Roman Empire they have made efforts to discredit and persecute anyone and anything associated with those 2 philosophies. On the other hand, Aristotle and Plato were more distant in the past and more disconnected from the then current political issues, so they were not perceived as threats and their study continued without impediments.
    - ogogmad 4y ago
      It is much more likely that the preservation of literature had become less affordable following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. In the past, books were written on perishable material and had to be copied down to survive. The copying was tedious, labour intensive and expensive. Without the Roman bureaucracy I don't see how many books could have survived. This is far more likely to be the reason than a deliberate effort by some fanatical Christians.
      - actionfromafar 4y ago
        Synthesis: it can be both. Less interest in stoic because of political reasons, less chance over the centuries someone cares about keeping the stoic logic text around.
macrolocal 4y ago
Also, "all x are y" presupposes the existence of an x in Aristotelian logic.
- ogogmad 4y ago
  No. By "x" I mean some predicate. For instance, x is "men".
  - macrolocal 4y ago
    Yes. You can read more about the particular issue I'm raising here: https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/42291/does-this-syllogism-by-russell-show-that-aristotelian-logic-doesnt-work https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/42291/does-th... In particular, one reads premises with existential import, slightly at odds with modern usage.
    - ogogmad 4y ago
      Oh, that's interesting. Thank you.

fedeb95 4y ago

The article cites exactly the Aristotelian syllogism. I agree the title is a bit clickbaity, but I found it well written and explaining well how we got to computers since Greek times

adrian_b 4y ago

Stoic logic was much later than Aristotle. The article traces the development of symbolic logic since Aristotle, whose work is the oldest preserved in this domain, through the time, until George Boole and Gottlob Frege in the 19th century and Claude Shannon in the 20th century, when logical operations became mapped to electrical circuits with relays. So it is right for any history of logic to start with Aristotle. If there have been older treatises on logic, they have been lost. It is not surprising that the successors of Aristotle have made some improvements upon his theory, it is more surprising that the improvements were so few until the 19th century, despite the fact that logic has been all the time an important object of study for all cultivated people, being rightfully one of the 3 branches of the trivium. Of course a title about "How Aristotle has created the computer" is completely wrong, because the creation of the electronic computers had multiple equally important sources, and the implementation of logic operations with relay circuits was only one of those many sources. Those multiple sources had separate histories that merged only around WW2, and some of those histories had also stretched over several centuries. Of equal importance for the genesis of the electronic computers were the mechanical arithmetic calculating machines and the electronic counters (invented in 1931 to count the pulses produced by the detectors of cosmic rays or of nuclear radiation).

ogogmad 4y ago
> Stoic logic was much later than Aristotle. I think it got lost and largely forgotten after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, while the Aristotelian system got preserved. Amusingly enough, one 19th century philosopher opined that Stoic logic was "dullness, triviality, and scholastic quibbling" and he welcomed the fact that the works of Chrysippus were no longer extant. See here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoic_logic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoic_logic
- adrian_b 4y ago
  I believe that the association of Stoic logic with Stoicism might have been the cause for it being forgotten. The early Christians viewed both Stoicism and Epicureanism as competitors, so after they obtained the power in the Roman Empire they have made efforts to discredit and persecute anyone and anything associated with those 2 philosophies. On the other hand, Aristotle and Plato were more distant in the past and more disconnected from the then current political issues, so they were not perceived as threats and their study continued without impediments.
  - ogogmad 4y ago
    It is much more likely that the preservation of literature had become less affordable following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. In the past, books were written on perishable material and had to be copied down to survive. The copying was tedious, labour intensive and expensive. Without the Roman bureaucracy I don't see how many books could have survived. This is far more likely to be the reason than a deliberate effort by some fanatical Christians.
    - actionfromafar 4y ago
      Synthesis: it can be both. Less interest in stoic because of political reasons, less chance over the centuries someone cares about keeping the stoic logic text around.

macrolocal 4y ago

Also, "all x are y" presupposes the existence of an x in Aristotelian logic.

ogogmad 4y ago
No. By "x" I mean some predicate. For instance, x is "men".
- macrolocal 4y ago
  Yes. You can read more about the particular issue I'm raising here: https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/42291/does-this-syllogism-by-russell-show-that-aristotelian-logic-doesnt-work https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/42291/does-th... In particular, one reads premises with existential import, slightly at odds with modern usage.
  - ogogmad 4y ago
    Oh, that's interesting. Thank you.