Established companies with opinionated infrastructure can help with this. I sure wouldn’t want to write the backend of a crud app in Fortran, nor the front end

Established companies with opinionated infrastructure can help with this. I sure wouldn’t want to write the backend of a crud app in Fortran, nor the front end. Or do anything with Fortran besides scientific computing (Fortran = Formula Translator…it was built with a limited use case in mind!) Companies that adapt to newer frameworks and not write everything in C++ are more efficient, but only if they control how much variation of tooling there is within a discipline. So today, you do have to specialize in a discipline a bit more (front end, backend, data) but each discipline has a sensible set of tools IMO. A developer can and should get some exposure to a secondary discipline to be well rounded and “T-shaped”, but should also appreciate the value of specialization.