Europe had a considerable population predating the Age of Exploration, while I won't commit to calling it causal, enclosure is attributed as one of the reasons

Europe had a considerable population predating the Age of Exploration, while I won't commit to calling it causal, enclosure is attributed as one of the reasons for the AoE in texts. And enclosure was at least in part driven by agriculture. So you can call it what you may, but I would call socioeconomically driven violent ingress into previously occupied territories colonialism and not migration. Reich's book was good. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14395-4 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14395-4