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Also here: https://www.theage.com.au/national/international-scientific-study-says-your-barista-is-making-your-coffee-all-wrong-20200122-p53trn.html https://www.

• esperent 4y ago
  Not impressed by that article, it's sensationalist and fairly uninformed. Not terrible either, it's just typical newspaper science reporting. Sounds good until they write about a subject that you know about and then you realize it's actually pretty bad. > Espresso is always – always – extracted with a water pressure between 9 and 10 bars. No, it's not. Especially amongst enthusiasts experimenting with pressure is extremely common. Although it is true that many machines are locked to 9 bars, it's also true that most cheaper home machines are set to 11/12 bars, and high end machines are starting to allow you to customize the pressure, even changing it throughout a shot. It's my experience that most espresso folk would say anything from 6-12 bars is an espresso, although going over 9 is usually frowned on.