Designing Data Intensive Applications is the book you want. The first section of the book covers data structures used to store data on disk in detail, specifica

Designing Data Intensive Applications is the book you want. The first section of the book covers data structures used to store data on disk in detail, specifically B-Trees, LSM Trees and how they’re used by various databases. If you want to dive deeper on the subject of persistence, the book Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces has a section devoted to it.