> I can't see any way to go much lower than that without freezing in the winter. 2 kWh/day seems crazy low to me. Apart from insulation energy required for hea

> I can't see any way to go much lower than that without freezing in the winter. 2 kWh/day seems crazy low to me. Apart from insulation energy required for heating changes massively with local climate and scales directly with living space. So directly comparing those numbers without additional information is quite meaningless. Here in Germany, which seems to have a roughly similar climate, ~120kwh/m2 and year is the average for a detached home. Modern buildings are usually a lot less though, 30-50 kWh/m2year seems standard. With specialised construction ('passive house') and heatpumps 10 kWh/m2year is well feasible.