According to this report, Japan has the highest rates of top-tier reading fluency, and lowest rate of bottom-tier fluency: https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/Cou

According to this report, Japan has the highest rates of top-tier reading fluency, and lowest rate of bottom-tier fluency: https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/Country%20note%20-%20Japan.pdf https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/Country%20note%20-%20Japan... And yet this article says that Japan hasn't conducted a nationwide literacy survey since 1948: https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/583/ https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/583/ Whereas the most recent such survey in the U.S. seems to have been from 2003: https://nces.ed.gov/naal/ https://nces.ed.gov/naal/ Very confusing. What are some better sources for literacy data? Especially when it comes to educational achievement I'm aware that OCED and similarly globally-ranked reporting structures tend to incentivize data collection gimmicks.