> Safari actually uses Keychain, which has been part of macOS since it existed and long before Safari and iCloud were even thought of. I know how safari and ke

> Safari actually uses Keychain, which has been part of macOS since it existed and long before Safari and iCloud were even thought of. I know how safari and keychain works, and my statement stands as a reasonable summary of the end user experience. Keychain is the mechanism by which passwords are stored, but the integration into the browser is only available in Safari - you can manually open and use KeychainAccess to get the passwords for use in other browsers but that is far from what is expected from modern password manager UI - the UI for this path is even worse on iOS. To get the syncing between devices that people want from password managers using the safari password system requires an iCloud account. > Passkeys is WebAuthn, an industry standard that uses public key encryption The generation using the secure element/touchid seems to be safari only, and the key material is as you say stored in keychain, which other browsers do not use and so do not have access to. So using them has the effect of tying you to the safari/apple ecosystem. Question of ecosystems are a matter of "how does an end user actually use a feature?" not "could a sufficiently skilled user use the feature across multiple ecosystems?".