https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31830487/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31830487/ "Rodent studies also demonstrate that ketamine rapidly increases BDNF and V

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31830487/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31830487/ "Rodent studies also demonstrate that ketamine rapidly increases BDNF and VEGF release and/or expression in the medial PFC (mPFC) and hippocampus, leading to increase in the number and function of spine synapses in the mPFC and enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis." https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27106168/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27106168/ "Likewise, repeated ketamine administration increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis" https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31310776/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31310776/ "Our results demonstrate that a single ketamine administration promotes adult neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus quite selectively" (mice) And a review about psychedelics in general: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34566723/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34566723/ "Studies (n = 20) show that a single administration of a psychedelic produces rapid changes in plasticity mechanisms on a molecular, neuronal, synaptic, and dendritic level. The expression of plasticity-related genes and proteins, including Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), is changed after a single administration of psychedelics, resulting in changed neuroplasticity. The latter included more dendritic complexity, which outlasted the acute effects of the psychedelic. Repeated administration of a psychedelic directly stimulated neurogenesis and increased BDNF mRNA levels up to a month after treatment."