You don't need any of that stuff to run microservices. Stateless is up to the app, not the orchestrator (you can still run a stateful containerized app in K8s).

You don't need any of that stuff to run microservices. Stateless is up to the app, not the orchestrator (you can still run a stateful containerized app in K8s). You absolutely do not need containers, network overlay, "transparent encryption" (do you mean a service mesh?), name resolution (dnsmasq works fine), and access controls are inherent in systemd. Network storage is unrelated if you mean NFS; if you mean persistent storage volume claims shuffled around nodes, yeah, that's... not a stateless microservice. And.... no, we don't need CRIU, but it works just fine without K8s. All you need to run microservices is 1) a statically-compiled stateless app, 2) a systemd unit file to run the app and restart it when it stops, 3) load any credentials into systemd's credential manager, 4) iptables for network ACLs, 5) linux user/group permissions, 6) an Nginx load balancer to route traffic to different services, 7) journald to keep logs, 8) systemd to set per-service CPU/memory limits, 9) a dynamic DNS client to register a service name in dnsmasq when a service starts/stops. Systemd already handles intra-service network communication by handing an open filehandle to a service; alternately each service could grab its own random port and register it with Nginx along with its service name and the HTTP routes and hosts it wants to listen on. If you shackle yourself to the design of K8s, or some implementation of K8s (K8s doesn't have all the features you described out of the box) and say "well that other system isn't K8s!", then yeah, you will find systemd wanting.