While I don't disagree, the paper defines fake news in the context of the paper in section 1 : "“Fake news” has become a term that is used to denote very diffe

While I don't disagree, the paper defines fake news in the context of the paper in section 1 : "“Fake news” has become a term that is used to denote very different things: it is employed to discredit political opponents or the respectability of particular news outlets, and it is used colloquially to simply refer to untruths in any given context. However, the phenomenon that public institutions like the European Commission and the British Parliament are concerned about most plausibly entails at least three features: 1. Fake news contains false information. 2. Fake news is created with deceptive intent. 3. Fake news is presented as resembling traditional news items (even though it is not produced in accordance with editorial standards)." and they list three examples of 'fake news' which are stories that are demonstrably false and created intentionally with the sole purpose to mislead.