The question posed is can the visa-mastercard duopoly be broken. The answer is no. Like all entrenched systems, the only way beyond them is to circumvent them.

The question posed is can the visa-mastercard duopoly be broken. The answer is no. Like all entrenched systems, the only way beyond them is to circumvent them. Circumventing the financial system is what bitcoin did. So no, you can't solve it, but you don't need to.