mac/iOS still needs to do subnet local stuff like renew the DHCP lease and discover other link-local devices using mDNS/Bonjour. The system also periodically ma

mac/iOS still needs to do subnet local stuff like renew the DHCP lease and discover other link-local devices using mDNS/Bonjour. The system also periodically makes sure interfaces are “up” so it can seamlessly route traffic between cell and wifi. I would not assume that the presence of traffic where DST != VPN tunnel endpoint means that application traffic is leaking over the VPN. I only skimmed the article so someone correct me if there was a case of that observed. The “bug” where existing connections aren't terminated when you bring a VPN up sounds annoying but I can also see why the system wouldn't force terminate existing connections. The connection to the router’s public IP sounds like a hairpin. I also wouldn't be surprised if user-space VPN is outside of the scope of the APNS connection that the system maintains through sleep states.