Let's be clear though, in India these come on the form of explicit quotas. In some states, even if high caste applicants to university got 100% of the non-quota

Let's be clear though, in India these come on the form of explicit quotas. In some states, even if high caste applicants to university got 100% of the non-quota slots, they'd still be underrepresented because so many slots are reserved for caste. It's like if tech companies noticed their share of Asian tech workers was well above the 6% national average, and set a cap of only 4% Asians. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India