All three. The order came from above, that's how command economy (what socialist regimes generally implement) works. However, that order was result of insuffici

All three. The order came from above, that's how command economy (what socialist regimes generally implement) works. However, that order was result of insufficient funding, which left nothing to set up independent research pipeline in the area. At the same time, Kremlin did often stifle development on purpose, under guise of "common good". Especially in dependent states across Europe and smaller Soviet Republics. In theory, this was meant to prevent internal competition and waste of resources. In practice it was a way to sell inferior goods and create dependency on the central authority. This happened with everything, computers, trains, cars.