There isn't a human alive today whose blood is free from PFOA and/or PFOS. The question to answer is what are the major routes by which this is happening. Ther

There isn't a human alive today whose blood is free from PFOA and/or PFOS. The question to answer is what are the major routes by which this is happening. There is a lot of discussion in this thread about cookware. The problem is that these chemicals are now found throughout the environment and used in countless products. The stuff is found increasingly in drinking water and foods. Maybe cookware is a major contributor, but the truth is nobody knows yet. Nor does this effect appear limited to liver cancer. The paper notes: > Studies examining associations of PFAS exposure with risk of other cancers, such as kidney cancer, in the general population have found similar associations to those reported here. For example, in the only existing nested case-control study examining the prospective association between PFAS levels and risk of renal cell carcinoma, PFOS levels >50 μg/L were associated with more than two-fold increased risk of developing renal cell carcinoma (OR=2.51; 95% CI: 1.28-4.92), and similar associations were reported for PFOA and PFHxS [[52]]. These findings are notable due to the similarity in PFOS concentrations associated with risk of HCC in our study. ... https://www.jhep-reports.eu/article/S2589-5559(22)00122-7/fulltext https://www.jhep-reports.eu/article/S2589-5559(22)00122-7/fu... For its part, the paper never mentions the word "cookware" and is instead focused on the link between blood concentrations and cancer. Edit: Wikipedia has the following paragraph on the topic of cookware: > Despite DuPont's asserting that "cookware coated with DuPont Teflon non-stick coatings does not contain PFOA",[91] residual PFOA was also detected in finished PTFE products including PTFE cookware (4–75 parts per billion).[87] However, PFOA levels ranged from undetectable (<1.5) to 4.3 parts per billion in a more recent study.[48] Also, non-stick cookware is heated—which should volatilize PFOA; PTFE products that are not heated, such as PTFE sealant tape, had higher (1800 parts per billion) levels detected.[92] Overall, PTFE cookware is considered an insignificant exposure pathway to PFOA.[93][94] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid